04Sources
Sourced, not corrected.
Many ways can work. Nothing here is marked right or wrong; every claim is labeled by where it came from and how confident the source is. The reader judges. The atlas only sources.
As of June 5, 2026. Sources last checked, not auto-refreshed.
How to read a claim
- Official dataMeasured and published by the source of record (Statcast / MLB).
- Reputable analysisA credible analyst, or our paraphrase of a cited reference.
- Secondhand, attributedA quote or figure relayed through a secondary source.
- Pitcher's own wordsStated by the athlete directly.
- Coach-observedReported firsthand by a coach.
- Community, firsthandA community member's own report. Launches with safeguards.
- UnverifiedNo source corroborated this value. Shown so the gap is visible.
A value marked with a leading approximate sign is rounded, era-dependent, or methodology-bound. The seam render is a seam-informed schematic, documented in docs/seam-calibration.md.
The citation registry
- MLB.com Statcast Glossary, Active Spin/ 2019 reference (Verlander 98.5%)
- MLB.com Statcast Glossary, Induced Vertical Break/ 2024 league average +16 in
- MLB.com, What Statcast spin rate means for fastballs/ 2019 baseline ~2,300 rpm
- MLB.com, Why Cole's fastball is in a league of its own (Statcast)/ 2019
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Spencer Strider/ 2023
- theScore, How Spencer Strider developed a cheat-code pitch/ 2023
- MLB.com, The keys to Hunter Greene's breakout season (Statcast)/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Hunter Greene/ 2024
- The Hardball Times, David Kagan citing Alan Nathan/ physics
- Wikipedia, Four-seam fastball
- Wikipedia, Fastball
- eFastball, Four-seam fastball grip
- Plate Crate, Mastering the four-seam fastball
- Wikipedia, Baseball (ball)
- mathcurve.com, Seam line of a tennis ball (Ferreol / Esculier)
- Wolfram MathWorld, Baseball Cover (Thompson)
- Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics (2018), aerodynamic forces on a baseball
- TexasLeaguers Pitch Spin Visualization Tool (red-dot method, Alan Nathan)
- Lau Sze Yui, GitHub
- MLB.com Statcast Glossary, Sinker (SI)
- Driveline Baseball, How to Throw a Sinker or Two-Seam Fastball
- Driveline Baseball, Seam-Shifted Wakes and their Effect on Sinkers/ 2020
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Framber Valdez/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Logan Webb/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Clay Holmes
- Pitcher List, How Lower Is Better for Framber Valdez/ 2024
- FanGraphs, Framber Valdez/ 2024
- FanGraphs, Logan Webb/ 2024
- Colin Hofmeister, Reverse-Engineering the Perfect Sinker/ 2026
- MLB.com Statcast Glossary, Changeup (CH)
- MLB.com, Devin Williams and the Airbender changeup/ 2024
- Driveline Baseball, How to Throw a Changeup/ 2020
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Devin Williams/ 2024
- FanGraphs, The Best Pitches of 2011: Changeup (Cole Hamels)/ 2011
- FanGraphs, Cole Hamels' Vintage Changeup Returned in 2019/ 2019
- MLB.com, Statcast spin rate compared to velocity/ 2015 league averages
- McCovey Chronicles, Logan Webb's changeup/ 2024
- MLB.com Statcast Glossary, Spin Rate
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Clayton Kershaw/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Charlie Morton/ 2024
- Driveline Baseball, How to Throw a Curveball
- Baseball Monkey, How to Throw a Curveball
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Pitch Movement Leaderboard (Sliders)/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Dylan Cease/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Tyler Glasnow/ 2024
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Chris Sale/ 2024
- MLB.com, Explaining the sweeper (slider vs sweeper break)
- Driveline Baseball, How to Throw a Slider
- Driveline Baseball Help, Pitch Grips: Sliders
- The Hardball Times, The Physics of the Gyro Pitch (Alan Nathan)
- FanGraphs, Sergio Romo's No-Dot Slider Revealed
- FanGraphs, Remembering the Intense and Indomitable Bob Gibson
- Wikipedia, Bob Gibson
- Baseball Almanac, Bob Gibson Quotes
- National Baseball Hall of Fame, Gibson's 1968 season/ 1968
- CBS Sports, Bob Gibson's back-up slider
- ESPN, There's never been another pitcher like Nolan Ryan
- Society for American Baseball Research, Nolan Ryan (BioProject)
- National Baseball Hall of Fame, Nolan Ryan
- Baseball Almanac, Nolan Ryan career register
- Wikipedia, Nolan Ryan
- ESPN Classic, Clemens thrives on confrontation
- Baseball Almanac, Roger Clemens Quotes
- Wikipedia, Roger Clemens
- SABR Games Project, April 29, 1986: Clemens strikes out 20/ 1986
- MLB.com Cut4, Clemens strikes out 20 Tigers/ 1996
- Daring Fireball, quoting Thomas Boswell (Washington Post, Jan 7, 2014)
- Larry Brown Sports, the Maddux / Tony Gwynn quote (via Boswell)
- Wikipedia, Greg Maddux
- Baseball Almanac, Greg Maddux Quotes
- MLB.com, Skenes' newest pitch is his confidence pitch (Alex Stumpf)/ 2024
- FOX Sports, Paul Skenes and his splinker at the All-Star Game/ 2024
- MLB.com, Explaining Skenes' expanding arsenal (Mike Petriello)/ 2025
- MLB.com, A splinker? Skenes' hybrid pitch (debut, Alex Stumpf)/ 2024
- Yahoo Sports, Paul Skenes reveals how he throws his splinker/ 2024
- Society for American Baseball Research, Johan Santana (BioProject)
- The Twins Almanac, Johan Santana
- Wikipedia, Johan Santana
- Fast Balls, Tales of the changeup: an analysis of Johan Santana (PITCHf/x)/ 2007
- FanGraphs, Johan Santana Rides Changeup to No-Hitter/ 2012
- SABR Baseball Research Journal, An Analysis of the Gyroball (Nathan & Baldwin)/ 2007
- Baseball Prospectus, Schrodinger's Bat: Searching for the Gyroball (Dan Fox)/ 2007
- Deadspin, Unspinning the Mythical Gyroball (Barry Petchesky)
- University of Illinois News Bureau, Is the so-called gyroball just hype? (Alan Nathan)
- National Baseball Hall of Fame, Sutter remembered as pioneer of the split-finger
- Wikipedia, Bruce Sutter
- Wikipedia, Split-finger fastball
- The Conversation, the physics of Kevin Gausman's splitter
- Rockland Peak Performance, what makes Gausman's splitter effective/ 2021
- Jays Journal, Gausman's splitter is one of the best pitches in baseball
- MLB.com, Ohtani's splitter still the most unhittable pitch/ 2021
- Bleacher Report, Masahiro Tanaka's splitter
- Wikipedia, Curt Schilling
- Driveline Baseball Help, Pitch Grips: Splitters
- MLB.com, Meet the 'splinker' pitch (Jhoan Duran, Do-Hyoung Park)/ 2022
- FanGraphs, Jhoan Duran and the One True Split-Finger Fastball/ 2025
- MLB.com, Mason Miller adds a splinker/ 2024
- MLB.com, Ben Joyce on adding a splinker
- FanGraphs, Red Sox prospect Hunter Dobbins has added a splinker
- FanGraphs, Nick Kingham, Mark Prior, and Adam Wainwright on Crafting Their Curveballs (David Laurila)
- ESPN, The secret to Adam Wainwright's success: a curveball like none other (Buster Olney)
- FanGraphs, Checking in on Adam Wainwright's Curveball
- Baseball Savant (Statcast), Adam Wainwright/ 2023
- Baseball-Reference, Adam Wainwright
- Wikipedia, 2006 National League Championship Series/ 2006
- STLRedbirds.com, September 23, 2021: Adam Wainwright throws his 2,000th strikeout/ 2021
No MLB, team, or player photos, logos, footage, or likenesses. Original geometry, diagrams, and words. Instructional text is paraphrased and cited, never copied. No runtime API calls: every figure here is static and sourced in the repository.